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American computer scientist and naval officer (–)

For the residential college, see Grace Hopper College. For the submarine cable, see Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable).

Grace Brewster Hopper (née&#;Murray; December 9, – January 1, ) was an American computer scientist, mathematician, and United States Navyrear admiral.^[1] She was a pioneer of computer programming.

Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and used this theory to develop the FLOW-MATIC programming language and COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.

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She was also one of the first programmers on the Harvard Mark I computer. She is credited with writing the first computer manual, "A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator."

Before joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in both mathematics and mathematical physics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Va